Microsoft Monopoly Essays - Windows XP, Microsoft, Windows 10

Microsoft Monopoly By now everyone is familiar with the case U.S. vs. Microsoft. What is all this about? According to my two articles, Microsoft, the world's leading software company, is being sued by the Justice Department joined by 19 states. As we all know, Microsoft dominates the personal computer's operating system. Almost every computer in schools, libraries, offices, and home is equipped with either Windows 3.X, Windows 95, or 98. As far as browsing the web, there are three major browsers: AOL, Netscape and Microsoft's Internet Explorer. When Windows 98 came out, it already had Microsoft's Internet Explorer installed, compared to Netscape which users had to pay $50 for the program before being acquired by America Online. Basically Microsoft is being sued for having an illegal monopoly over personal computer's operating system and repeatedly quashed competition to preserve its market domination. After the findings, Government lawyers said they would consider proposals to break up the company. In Microsoft's defense, citing a 1990 ruling from the 4th circuit appeals court, Microsoft claims that "a desire to increase market share or even drive a competitor out of business through rigorous competition on the merits is not sufficient" to prove it intended to establish an illegal monopoly. An important point in Microsoft's argument is the copyright law. According to Microsoft, it has a right to "prohibit unauthorized modification" of Windows and bar computer markers from removing icons or Internet Explorer. Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle said in a statement, "Both consumers and the industry would benefit from a fair resolution of this case. The current mediation provides both parties a unique opportunity to resolve this dispute in a way that strikes a balance between the importance of our antitrust laws and innovation." Leading the lawmakers believes it would be best if both sides reach an out of court settlement. It's going to be interesting to see what will happen to this case. Will the U.S. break up the software giant or will Microsoft keep on dominating the operating system market. I would like to see both sides settle this case out of court. It would definitely benefit both parties. Since a majority of computers are using Windows 95 or 98, it makes the compatibility part easier for all consumers. Microsoft standardized the software's to be used on Windows and creates fewer conflicts with other operating systems such as Mac and Linux. It's better for users because we do not have to learn to operate more than one operating system. Imagine yourself typing up a project at work using Microsoft Word. There wasn't enough time to finish so you decide to bring it home. You put the disk in at your home computer only to find that it's not compatible with the Linux operating system. If that were the case today, we would have to own two or more computers with different operating systems. As far as the competition goes, I think Microsoft is doing an extremely good job to maximize profits. This market is very competitive and Microsoft knows there is a lot of money to be made. Microsoft developed a product that is in high demand. With the Internet getting so popular, everyone would like to own a PC. As an employee of an Internet Service Provider called Every Ones Internet, I get an up close and personal view of how fast the Internet is growing. Each day I would sell at least 20-25 Internet accounts. With the falling prices of computer chips, there's a high demand in computers. A PC is similar to a television; soon every home and office will have at least one computer. Microsoft is definitely not slowing down, with the introduction of Windows 2000, Microsoft claims this is their best product ever. They have spent one billion dollars for the production of Windows 2000 and by 2001, most computer users will upgrade to Windows 2000.

Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Example

Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Effects of a Preincisional 14 day course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Authors: COL (ret) Norma Lynn Garrett, CRNA, PhD, USA, AN Fort Sam Houston, Texas LTC (ret) Nathaniel M. Apatov, CRNA, PhD, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT Robert Fredregill, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT Aaron Johnston, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT John Buen, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN USUHS, Graduate School of Nursing, Nurse Anesthesia Program, Bethesda, Maryland CPT Michael Neill, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI Patricia S. Dixon, MS Affiliation: U.S. Army/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas Introduction: The American Cancer Society estimated that over one million new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2005 and a majority of these patients died from metastatic spread.1 The standard for treating solid tumor cancer is surgical resection. However, it has been suggested that surgical resection may in fact promote metastasis.2 One of the bodyâ„ ¢s natural defenses to combat metastasis is the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells serve as a vital mediator of detection during the early innate immune response and destruction of aberrant cells. It has been demonstrated that benzodiazepines may ameliorate surgery-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity.3 We examined the effect of a 14-day course of valerian, an herbal anxiolytic, on natural killer cell activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Thirty-five rats were assigned to one of three groups: 1) surgical animals administered research grade valerian, 15 mg/kg solubilized in peanut oil 2) surgical animals administered peanut oil (vehicle) and 3) anesthesia only animals administered valerian. One day prior to the 14 day course of valerian, blood was drawn to assay baseline NK cell activity. On experimental day, all animals were administered isoflurane anesthesia. Surgical animals underwent a standard laparotomy whereas anesthesia only rats were anesthetized for the same period of time as the surgical rats. Twenty-four hours post-experiment animals underwent a second blood draw to assay NK cell activity. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze NK cell activity (measured in lytic units). Our results suggested that there was no difference (p = 0.9) in suppression within or between groups. Conclusions: Clinical studies with valerian have been published but with small numbers and some ambiguity. Further research regarding valerianâ„ ¢s effectiveness as a modulator of NK cell activity and whether dosage or route of administration is a factor in modulation is still warranted. Keywords:?   Valerian, Natural Killer Cells, Cancer Funding: 59th Medical Wing Clinical Research Squadron, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Bldg 4430, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300. OBJECTIVE / HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a presurgical 14-day course of valerian on Natural Killer cells activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery. Our research was directed by the following research question: Would a presurgical 14-day course of valerian inhibit 24-hour postoperative surgical suppression of NK cell activity when compared to a 14-day course of vehicle in male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery Background: Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death in the United States and the majority of cancer related deaths have a metastatic component.4 Currently, the most common treatment for solid tumor carcinoma is surgical resection. Surgical resection results in a release of growth factors that has been suggested to promote metastasis of the remaining cancer cells.5 Surgical insult, postoperative pain, and anxiety may serve as inhibitors to successful surgical treatment by suppressing the endogenous cell mediated immune (CMI) response. CMI limits metastasis of cancerous cells by activating Natural Killer (NK) cells. NK cells are endogenous specialized large granular lymphocytes that detect and destroy aberrant cells.6 Aberrant cells lack or possess a deficit of functional major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) surface proteins. NK cells serve as vital mediators of aberrant cellular detection during the early innate immune response.7 Surgically induced suppression of NK cell activity can be attenuated by ameliorating the surgical stress response. In 1999, Ben-Eliyahu and colleagues examined the effects of a postoperative beta-adrenergic antagonist on Fisher 344 rats using a lung tumor retention assay (MADB106). The beta-adrenergic antagonist resulted in the inhibition of lung tumor colonization.8 In 2002, Page and colleagues examined lung tumor susceptibility in Fisher 344 rats and observed that a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) attenuated the suppression of NK cell activity caused by surgical stress. The findings from these studies compellingly suggest that surgery contributes to the suppression of the immune system, specifically, NK cell activity. There exist both physiological and psychological mechanisms responsible for the suppression of NK cell activity in the surgical patient. Physiological and psychological mechanisms related to anxiety are implicated in the modulation of the CMI. Anxiety activates the sympathoadrenomedullary systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA). Neurosignals are processed in the hypothalamus, which cause the release of various neurotransmitters (e.g. norepinephrine), neuropeptides (e.g. corticotrophin-releasing factor), neurohormones (e.g. adrenocorticotropin hormone) and adrenal hormones (e.g. catecholamines and corticosteroids). Both catecholamines and corticosteroids are suggested to suppress the immune system and NK cell activity.9 10 Evidence from both animal and human studies suggest that anxiety is a major cause of CMI suppression. Anxiolytic medications may attenuate the negative psychological impact associated with surgical stress.11 Benaroya-Milshtein and colleagues demonstrated an increase in NK cell activity by reducing anxiety in mice.12 A 2001 study by Koga and colleagues demonstrated that anxiety suppressed NK cell activity in 144 human patients scheduled for oral surgery.13 A study by Nunez and colleagues demonstrated that benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, could reverse the adverse effects of stress and anxiety on CMI in Sprague-Dawley rats. 14 Finally, Freire-Garabal and colleagues suggested that chronic alprazolam administration caused a dose-dependent reduction in surgically mediated stress-induced suppression of NK cell activity in mice.15 Catacholamine and cortisol levels were reduced and enhanced protection of NK cell activity in the groups receiving pre and post surgical administrat ion of alprazolam was noted. Valerian, an herbal medication with reputed anxiolytic effects, demonstrates a dose-dependant GABAergic effects in in vitro studies of rat brainstem preparations.16 Yuan and colleagues demonstrated the site of action of a known benzodiazepine and valerian to be the GABAA receptor.17 Further, Yuan and colleagues observed both direct and indirect modulation of the GABAA receptor activity but were unable to isolate the active pharmacological agents in valerian preparations. In a related study, Ortiz and colleagues demonstrated the direct and indirect modulation of the GABAA receptor utilizing oral valerian extracts in in-vitro studies of Sprague-Dawley rats.18 Human studies suggest that the effective oral dose for anxiolytic and hypnotic effects range from 400 to 900 mg administered daily.19 20 Additional research suggests that chronic administration of valerian over a minimum period of 2 weeks is necessary to achieve pharmacologically effective serum levels.21 Acute administratio n of valerian has been proposed to provide anxiolytic effects but may be related to a placebo effect. Given that NK cells play an integral role in the suppression of metastatic cancer and that anxiety suppresses NK cell activity, interventions that reduce anxiety may lead to better outcomes in patients undergoing surgical resection of solid tumor carcinomas. If perioperative anxiety can be attenuated with valerian, then surgical suppression of NK cell activity may also be attenuated. Methods A sample of 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats was partitioned into three groups with two rats utilized for model development. The rats were separated into the following groups: Valerian and surgery (11), Vehicle and surgery, the control group (11), and Valerian and anesthesia (11). The anesthesia only group assessed the effects of valerian on NK cell activity under non-surgical conditions compared to surgical conditions. For each of the groups listed above, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats; weighing 225-250 grams were used. Animals were brought in and acclimatized to the vivarium for 3-days prior to habituation and handling. Rats were housed in plastic cages on a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Animals had continuous access to food and water except for the 8-hours prior to the experiments, when only water was available. The rats were partitioned into three equal groups. We randomized the order in which the rats would be tested to ameliorate any effect that a surgeonâ„ ¢s ability might ha ve upon the outcome. For each of the 14 days prior to the experiment, animals were administered either vehicle (peanut oil) or valerian (15mg/kg), depending on the group assignment. The dose was based on a clinical trial by Cropley (2002) whose findings suggested that a 9mg/kg dose of valerian administered over 7 days was effective in reducing stress and on an rodent study suggesting that a single dose at 30 mg/kg significantly prolonged emergence time from anesthesia.22 One day prior to the experiment, animals were briefly anesthetized with isoflurane to withdraw blood via a cardiac puncture for baseline NK cell assay. On the experiment day, surgical animals underwent a standard laparotomy with isoflurane anesthesia; anesthesia only animals received isoflurane at the same time and dose as the surgery animals. Once anesthetized, all animals were injected intramuscularly (IM) with penicillin (25,000 units/kg), and the abdomen of the surgery animals was shaved and prepared with betadine. Surgery consist ed of a 4 cm midline incision through the skin and abdominal muscle wall followed by the externalization of a 10 cm segment of the small intestine for a period of 4-minutes. During the first minute, the intestine was gently rubbed between two pieces of gauze in 4 locations as a standard irritant; this procedure promoted the release of local inflammatory factors. For the remainder of the 4-minute period, the intestine was covered with saline-soaked gauze to maintain the moisture content. The intestines were then returned to abdominal cavity, irrigated with saline, and the muscle and skin layers were stapled. Isoflurane gas was discontinued after stapling was completed. At 24 hours after surgery, all animals were anesthetized for the withdrawal of approximately 2 ml of blood via cardiac puncture for the post surgical NK cell assay. Exactly 1 ml was placed in a heparinized tube (20 U/ml) with 3.0 ml PBS with bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 gm/L) and centrifuged at 500 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was then aspirated down to the original blood volume. The blood was washed two times with 3.0 ml medium, using the same centrifugation and aspiration procedure. YAC-1 cells, a standard cell line for the assessment of rodent NK cell activity, are maintained in the above-specified complete medium. To radiolabel the cytoplasm of the YAC-1 cells, approximately 15(106 cells are incubated with 0.2 mCi of 51NaCrO4, 150 (l medium, and 200 (l FCS for 90 minutes. The medium used for this assay is the same as the above-described medium, except that the FCS content is 15% by volume. After incubation, target cells are washed 3 times in medium and their concentra tion adjusted to 8(105 cells per ml (approximately 6:1 leukocytes:YAC-1) for the lowest effector:target (E:T) ratio. Because whole blood is used, it is necessary to serially dilute the target cells to achieve the various E:T ratios. For each E:T ratio, 100 (l of washed blood was aliquoted into a well of a microtiter plate, and 150 (l of 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 target cells in medium was then added on top of the blood. Plates were centrifuged at 500g for 10 minutes, which creates a buffy layer of leukocytes and target cells on top of the red blood cells. Plates were then incubated for 4 hours, centrifuged at 500 g for 10 minutes, and 100 (l supernatant was harvested for determination of 51Cr release in the gamma counter. The spontaneous release and maximum release (incubation of YAC-1 cells in medium and 1 Normal HCl, respectively) was measured for each tumor cell concentration separately, and percent specific lysis was calculated using the formula: [(Experimental Spontaneous) ( (Maximum Spontaneous)] (100. Data Analysis: A total of 6 subjects were omitted from the various groups. Two subjects (one from each surgical study group) were omitted due to post operative wound dehiscence. Four subjects were omitted due to post-feeding pulmonary edema. As expected, all groups had significantly suppressed NK cell activity compared to pre-experimental values (p

Philosophical Approach For Balancing Issues Term Paper

Philosophical Approach For Balancing Issues - Term Paper Example This essay seeks to answer the question: are there are ways of harmonizing the individual rights whereas defending the public at the same time. As a point of departure, majority argues on when individual rights have been violated, and on similarly complains are raised when protection of the public is contravened. The situation surrounding individual rights and its interconnectedness with the public fabric is a give and take. This implies that, people need to understand that, they will have to sacrifice some degree of privacy for the good of all the members of the society. Majority of people talk of rights without considering the wider perspective of the meaning of rights (Bjarnason & Carter, 2009). This kind of understanding has changed the society to a catered one, where people tend to think and believe that everything should be given to them and this contrasts, the fundamental aspect of seeking to balance the individual rights with the public interests. Numerous philosophers have a rgued the need for people to appreciate the fact that, the society is made of people who get affected by erroneous decisions made, without the consideration of balancing the individual desires, rights and the public interests. This study establishes that the declaration of independence was founded on three fundamental rights: right to life, rights to pursuit of happiness and right to liberty. It is explicitly understood that, the right to life defends the individual’s ability to handle all actions obligatory for the preservation and gratification of life (Bjarnason & Carter, 2009). On the other hand, the right to pursuit to happiness safeguards an individual’s capacity to live for own sake quite than for the societal sake. Equally, the right to liberty defends an individual’s capacity to reflect and act on his own decision. The question that emerges is â€Å"what if individual’s pursuit of these rights violates other people’s rights?† It is the government’s philosophy to safeguard the well-being of its entire populace. For the attainment of balance, a perfect situation may not be a favorable milieu (Snyder, Lopez & Pedrotti, 2011). The truth of the matter is that, individuals will be forced to give up on some rights to provide for a give and take milieu, which is favorable in balancing the societal and individual desires. It should be noted that, a balance should be compromised in order to create and sustain a peaceful coexistence in the society. A comparison of today’s world complexity and that of the declaration of independence makes it somehow difficult to create a fair environment, where societal needs do not conflict those of individuals. For instance, the issues of terrorism have advanced to become a global concern (Snyder, Lopez & Pedrotti, 2011). Terrorism has become a global threat to security. This starts at the individual point, spreads to a group of individuals, and finally to the society. Suc h complex issues affecting the security of all members soothe local and global society compels individuals to forego some critical privileges attributed to individuals’ rights to the governing authority to seek for equilibrium between the individual happiness and insecure society or a secure society and miserable individual lives. In some circumstances, governing authorities may be obligated to monitor phone calls and text messages such that, they can be able to trace terrorists. Despite infringing individual privacy rights, there should be no problem, because the overall intent of such kind of measures is to ensure a safe society for all. It should be understood that, such steps are undertaken as last resort in curbing such crimes. This is an example of equilibrium that should

CRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CRM - Research Paper Example Its market share has reached 20% in the hypertension drug market. The company wanted to raise the awareness about Amodipine brand through advertising it as nation’s hypertension drug (Hanmi, â€Å"Hanmi at Glance†). Clari is another major pharmaceutical product of Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company. It is a Macrolide Antibiotic. It is one the Hanmi’s first generic drugs which are used to cure infection. It has benefited Hanami with robust sales and has ranked second in the sales of drugs after amodipine. Its sales were above 10 million USD in the year 2009 (Hanmi, â€Å"Hanmi at Glance†). Hanmi Pharmaceutical Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company was established in the year 1973 and from then onwards it has grown remarkably. Hanmi incessantly showed 20% to 30% growth rate since its establishment. It has emerged as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Korea. In the year 2008 its sales was more than 558 million USD. By developing good R&D strategy Hanami Pharmace utical has now been able to become a most competitive organization in the international market (Hanmi, â€Å"Hanmi at Glance†). Value of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM is an approach to create, expand and maintain customer relationship. It provides a vision to an organization in order to deal with their valuable customers. To meet these visions, organization should implement effective CRM strategies that can increase the sales, develop the customer service, marketing and data analysis activities. Notably, the main objective of CRM is to maximize beneficial relationship with customer for both dealer and customer. Hanmi’s high quality marketing as well as sales based information technology is considered as the main driving force which has resulted in consumer growth. Hanmi Pharmaceutical is dedicated to develop and provide innovative and valuable drugs to the customer to maintain an effective customer relationship. Hanmi Pharmaceuticals has been producing Cep halosporin products since 1987 and supplies products in over 40 countries. Hanmi has a wide range of customers in many countries of the USA, Europe and Asia. Their new manufacturing plant has the ability to produce many ‘innovative drug APIs and intermediates’ (Hanmi, â€Å"Hanmi at Glance†). Hanmi Pharmaceutical also maintains efficient relationship with their global partners for exploring modified drugs such as esomeprazole, clopidogrel, clari, amodipine and others. Hanmi is also working to find business partners in other parts of the world where they have not established yet (Hanmi, â€Å"News Archives†). In the year 2007 Hanmi Pharmaceutical got â€Å"Forbes management first prize†. Forbes had put a high valuation on Hanmi because of adopting ERP IT technology and took the social responsibility through a sustainable management approach. Hanmi Pharmaceutical always supports society to help customers live better in a cleaner environment. For insta nce, for children Hanmi changed single cap medicine to double capped medicine. It planned and promoted various strategies to upgrade the quality of life of customers with efficient CRM strategies (Hanmi, â€Å"News Archives†). Customer Retention Program (CRP) Often organizations develop programs which offer purchase inducement, such as discounts on any purchase from any company or â€Å"soft benefits† which is referred to as Customer Retention Program (CRP). An effective CRP includes plans and methods for identification and registration of customer, customer segmentation, design

Economic, political and technological factors that have turned China Assignment

Economic, political and technological factors that have turned China into a fast emerging economy - Assignment Example The rapid economic development has been made possible by large foreign direct investments, rise in productivity, political reforms and technological advancements (Lampton, 2008). Owing to these transformations, there has been a sharp rise in China’s economic growth, where national poverty figures moved from being more than 65 % to below 10 % within three decades, wherein nearly 500 million people were removed from below poverty level and the country managed to meet a majority of their Millennium Development Goals (World Bank, 2012, p. 4). While rate of growth varied across the country, the growth was sharp in almost all parts and the 31 provinces that came under mainland China (if considered to be independent economies) were seen as a part of the world’s 32 most rapidly growing economies (World Bank, 2012, p.4). Owing to the sharp economic growth, currently â€Å"2 of the world’s top 10 banks are now Chinese; 261 Chinese companies are on the Global Fortune 500 l ist; and China is home to the world’s second-largest highway network, the world’s 3 longest sea bridges, and 6 of the world’s 10 largest container ports. The country has also made large strides in health, education, science, and technology† (World Bank, 2012, p.4). Various factors lie behind China’s strong socio-economic growth, which includes various economic, political and technological factors. ... Rapid economic growth is evinced by a country’s economic figures, such as trade volumes, foreign reserves, higher gross domestic product (GDP), and GDP per capita. Thus, a fast emerging economic growth translates into increasing financial gains for foreign investors that in turn brings in more foreign investment into a country, which supports rapid economic growth. In order to attract more foreign investors, countries aim at framing effective macroeconomic policies that are open to global trade. Emerging Market Economies tend to be more open to global trade with business models that are export oriented, and these models later serve to variegate the products and services exported by the country. Economic experts contend that diversification and integration of national economy into the global economy help in decreasing after-effects of sharp fluctuations within global prices or economic crises, thus bringing stability for the country that in turn attracts more foreign investors (Williams, 2011). In the context of framing sound macroeconomic policies that influence wider aspects of a country’s economy, it can be suggested that effective policies help in stabilizing cash flows, which keep foreign investments safe. Sound macroeconomic policies include liberalisation of national banks, privatisation of public enterprises, and opening up of stock markets in order to give easy accessed to foreign investors, decrease in external debt and framing sound monetary and fiscal policies. Since the start of economic reforms during late 1970s, China has slowly turned into one of the fastest-emerging economies of the world. A look at China’s economy reveals that starting from

Communication Skills in a Diverse Workplace

Communication Skills in a Diverse Workplace The focus of my essay will be on effective communication skills in a diverse workplace, were going to find out the barriers of communication between different cultures, how to improve our communication style/skills and how to become better listeners in order to avoid any lack of communication in the near future interactions. Anybody in a work environment having a good understanding of effective communication skills in a diverse workplace entails will enhance every persons ability to experience a successful and professional work experience. Misinterpretations in the workplace can be rooted from a variety of cultural differences among distinctive ethnic backgrounds. Lack of proper communication skills in diverse workplace can cause many discrepancies among co-workers. People live in an increasingly complex world. Effective communication between Fellow co-workers from different cultural backgrounds ensures a very successful organization. As we already know in todays workplace is very important to be able to communicate we our fellows co-workers. If you ever been around and listened to a monotone person communicate, its hard to understand their feelings on a subject. Unless they incorporate their gestures and tone, we are not going to be able to see their point of view and understand their meanings. We live and work around different cultures which it make us more aware of the different people around us, by dealing with diversity on the daily basic this will help us communicate better in the Workplace as well as personal interactions. We live in a diverse society and career success depends on communicating effectively with people whose customs and values are different (Adler Elmhorst, 2004). There are so many effective way we can use to communicate in the workplace and so many languages that it becomes hard to communicate with other people. Also a person with a strong accent can cause someone who speaks the same langu ages to become confused and misinterpret the meaning of the whole speech. Nevertheless how and where we are raised determine both our verbal and non-verbal language. Also when a person from a different country translate something in their head like from (Spanish to English) it more likely have a different meaning, and thats why we have to know what type of audiences we are dealing with in the workplace and on our everyday life, to become better communicators. Being an effective communicator means interacting with people from various racial, ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth, Harter 2003). In today society culture seems to be biggest factor in our communication skills. With United States being as diverse as it is now, we have to learn different ways and style on how to improve our communication skills. United States is habited with so many cultures that its almost impossible to have a single communication without the lack of it. The impact that ethnicity has on individual behavior cannot be ignored. Every day ethnicity influences the experiences we have at work, Diversity needs to be viewed as a competitive advantage and a business opportunity to achieve an inclusive diverse workforce. The problem that can arise from ethnicity is everybody comes from a different background. What one may think is normal can be totally different from what another person thinks. Prejudice is a preconceived judgment about an individual or group of people. Discrimination is unfair or inequitable treatment based on prejudice (Certo, 2008, p130). Minorities of all types of employment find themselves caught between the different lifestyles. There are several options that companies can use to educate people concerning the issues of ethnicity in the workforce. Training about the differences each culture has and the need to obey the rules set-forth by the company and human resources. Human resources are an excellent place to review all the employment laws that affect the workplace diversity. Communication is a solution we thought would benefit all concerning ethnicity in the workplace. Everyone should communicate just how they see, hear and do things that are not the standard. If youre not as caring toward others as you could be, you need to get the focus of yourself (Maxwell, 2009, p109). Communication is the key to bridging the gaps between different lifestyles. It is important to not make assumptions in communications with others, regarding the way ones own words and actions are interpreted (Certo, 2008). Its beneficial that we draw talent and value diversity and enable to attract and value diverse customers. Corporations will succeed when they have an environment that allows employees to work to their full potential. Furthermore your idea might be brilliant but is invaluable and worthless unless you can share it with others and get different point of view. This is the main reason why, effective communication is crucial at every level in any organization. However, to be able to communicate properly and effectively does not come easily to many people especially in diverse organization, and it is a skill that requires practice. Before we even begin walking we start practicing our communication. As a newborn child we communicate by crying, but we slowly learns to mimic our parents speech. A while later, the newborn discovers that certain speech patterns elicit different responses; one of the satisfaction of parenting is trying to decipher the meaning behind certain words. As working adults and on our daily life, one of the golden rules that we should follow is: We need to be able to organize our thoughts in our minds before sharing them with others. This rule involves conveying and comprehending before and during a two-way conversation. One idea often prompts a torrent of others. In order to share your ideas, you must first shape them correctly and coherently. To organize your thought properly is very important, because it creates a pattern for your listener, allowing him or her to grasp the larger picture intuitively. This allows the listener to focus on the details of your message, without struggling to understand how you went from Point A to Point B. Nevertheless, to be a very effective communicator one most speaks in a manner that is not offending to the receiver. When individuals are extremely well- educated in a particular field, they more likely have a tendency to use industry language in conversations or presentations. While this might be comfortable for the expert, it often causes confusion on the part of the listener. If, for example, you are discussing Business Credit Profile, you might be talking about Tradelines, Line Of credit and shelf Corporation. However, unless you are speaking to someone who is equally well- informed about business credit profile, that person will have no idea what you are saying. When we communicate, we need to put ourselves in our listeners shoes. Put yourself on the other side of the table.That way we can have a better feeling of our own words. In a company communication plays the biggest role. Everyone needs to be able to communicate at all time, also its very important to understand what effe ct the various components of communication on our success. As we already know verbal, vocal and visual components are the most important part of any communication. There is no secret whatsoever that todays workplace is growing tremendously, as the business environment expands to include various geographic locations and span numerous cultures. Having so many diversity can also be somewhat difficult to understand and communicate effectively with other fellows co-workers who speak another language or who rely in others meaning to get their point across. Workplace interaction /communication are not easy for everyone. Your workplace is a place where you meet and rely to people from different walks of life and from different cultural background. Sometime Language can be a major barrier to effective communication. However, a communication becomes successful only if the receiver comprehends to the fullest what the sender is trying to deliver in that message. When your message is not clearly comprehended you should expect a lack of communication by creating confusion within your audiences. Plenty of times in business, people forget common courtesy and t act. When you are interacting with co-workers, be prudent of their time and points of view. Always Separate emotion from intellect, and do not be condescending. As a part of the management you need to set an example and never allow anger to overrule reason. Always Conduct yourself in a professional manner in all aspects of you business dealings and treat others with the same respect that you expect yourself. Businesses are facing many challenges today trying to ensure that diversity in their workplace is not a source of conflict, but a foundation of strength. The environment is constantly changing in the workplace. The employers needs change and so does the workers. In today workplace there are great deals of companies that have employees from many different cultures that speak different languages and practice different religions. Companies are responsible to ensure a safe and comfortable environment for their employees, it is also important that every employee play a role in helping to make a diverse environment a comfortable one as well. Many situations occur in diverse workplaces that rely upon good communication. The method of communication can cause conflicts among co-workers. Understanding differences among co-workers of various cultures is a key element to success in the workplace. The success and failures of a business rely on its management. Communication is very essential in our everyday life. We all communicate in a different sort of ways: Talking, sign language, or written words are forms of communication. We can define communication as the exchange of Ideas, opinions, and information through written or spoken words, symbol or by our actions. Communication is the most essential element system on every corporation. All corporations depends everyday on all aspects of communication from verbal to nonverbal to perform their daily business routines. Every corporation also depends on all communications being properly conveyed to ensure that all communications are understood by the respective audience. Communication is important in all levels in any corporation. For example, co-workers may communicate very well amongst themselves when they are from the same culture. Effective ways to do so obviously depend on the environment. Let say that you work in a loud factory that require you to stay in contact with your co- workers, verbal communication would not be the right approach because it could be ineffective due to all the noises, so employees may communicate nonverbally with hand signals, gestures, or facial expressions. When employees need to communicate to management personnel this also can be done verbally in person, or in writing. If any management personnel are trying to communicate in the workers assigned work area, or desired production for the day, verbal communication should work just fine, if important information needs to be communicated, written communication would be the best choice, so there will be no lack of communication. Also, its one of the best forms of communication because it can be delivered uniformly and easily referenced back to. All communication is complex with plenty of room for conflict and misinterpretations. For a corporation to be successful, it must have employees capable of sending and receiving information quickly, clearly, effectively, and error free. Mistakes caused by misinterpretations can cost any corporation thousands of dollars due to missed deadlines, lost time, and wasted product. In order to have effective employee communication in the workplace, we must become better listeners and always put ourselves in their position in order to have good internal communication in the workplace. With a basic understanding of what we do wrong while communicating, one will be able to improve communication skills and recognize communication problems that arise during employee communication in the workplace. Communication plays a big part on our lives whether, emotional, intellectual or social call for communication at some point in our lives. In order to address any issue we might in the workplace we have to communicate. An individuals identity and persona is developed and brought out by our action and interaction with each other via communication. We are not all similarly motivated nor are we all compatible and it is only by way of association that we are able to positively identify with our suitable counterparts. Additionally, for those of us who are so cultured, our belief in the Superior Being, leads us to seek fulfillment of our spiritual needs. As we already know by now Communication is the process of transferring information up, down, and across the network of managers and employees in a corporation and is the key to whether an corporation functions effectively or ineffectively. Some of the challenges for an organization is to make sure their managers are trained accurately on how to properly communicate the organizational needs to their employees so that they serve to improve customer relations, keep employee morale up, build knowledge-sharing throughout the organization, and most importantly, and enhance the companys . Effective communication is very important and a requirement for employing organizational strategies as well as managing day- to-day activities through its employees. Management personnel spend more than three-fourths of their time daily in communicating or exchanging information. In Conclusion: In today Business world, Companies are becoming more diverse each and every day there are people from all over the world working with all kinds of different organization. Different problems can and will always occur with communication: like moral and ethical issues. We also need to remember that everyone does not view the world the same. Employee should know understand the important of each team member background. Trust is widely accepted as a part of communication within employee, not a big part still listening and communication. Great communication always starts at the top. For us to become great communicators we first need to be great listeners.

Malcolm X vs. Dr. King: Passive vs; Aggressive Essay -- essays researc

Africans were brought to America by Europeans, not of their own volition, but in chains, without the knowledge that over the next several hundred years, generations and generations of our people would be brutally and unjustly treated as nothing more than property or animals. The era during which slavery flourished, Africans were bred, overworked, beaten, lynched, and stripped of any positive identity or self respect. When slavery was abolished in 1865, Africans, or former slaves, were left without a â€Å"place† in America. Where did they fit in? What was the role that they were to play as, so called, American citizens? Some, undertook the role of â€Å"leader†, and preached and taught what they felt was the best process by which, blacks could achieve equality. From the beginning, however, there were conflicts concerning the nature of how this was to be accomplished. This discrepancy over passive and aggressive attitude concerning the advancement of blacks in America h as permeated, and at times, divided the black community from the time that Africans were brought here in chains, until the present. Malcolm X’s philosophies, which centered more on blacks accepting themselves, and loving themselves, and creating their own sense of pride, was deemed racist by the media and he was portrayed as militant/violent by the Civil Rights Activists, when in fact Malcolm X’s teachings contain the exact remedy that we â€Å"victims of America† (Malcolm X uses this term to distinguish the fact that blacks were not brought to America out of their own volition) need in order to live the best lives in the conditions that we have been forced into by whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington, born in 1856, was a prominent leader of the black community during the years following the abolishment of slavery, who believed that equality and respect for blacks would be gained over time. Washington preached to his followers that they should work on bettering themselves, not through liberal education, but by learning a trade or vocation which could be of service to either the black or white community, and that in time, whites would allow blacks to assimilate into their society. William Edward Burghardt Dubois, born in 1868 and more commonly known as W. E. B Dubois, was Washington’s adversary. Dubois preached that blacks should demand their rights, both human and civil, and that this w... ...proach of the Civil Rights Movement, led by Dr. King and financed by whites, would lead to the loss of black pride because it would encourage blacks to â€Å"try to be white† in order to â€Å"fit in† the white society. Today, blacks have the same legal rights as whites, but there is still blatant racism in America. Blacks have integrated into the white society, and the loss that Malcolm feared has become a reality. We straighten our hair in order to make it look like theirs, wear their clothes, and learn a school curriculum that centers around their history. There are more black men in prison than in college, and the percentage of black owned businesses is considerably disproportionate to the black population. The Civil Rights Movement was successful, and the Black Power Movement has been forgotten, but have blacks found their â€Å"place†? SOURCES: Haley, Alex; The Autobiography of Malcolm X; Ballantine Publishing Group; 1964 Malcolm X; â€Å"Message to the Grass Roots,† speech, Nov. 1963, Detroit (Published in Malcolm X Speaks, ch. 1, 1965) Malcolm X; speech, Dec 12, 1964, New York, NY Marable, Manning; â€Å"By Any Means Necessary: The Life and Legacy of Malcolm X†, speech; New York, NY